By David L. Chandler | TechXplore
A new study shows that, contrary to widespread belief within the solar power industry, new kinds of solar cells and panels don't necessarily have to last for 25 to 30 years in order to be economically viable in today's market.
Rather, solar panels with initial lifetimes of as little as 10 years can sometimes make economic sense, even for grid-scale installations—thus potentially opening the door to promising new solar photovoltaic technologies that have been considered insufficiently durable for widespread use.
The new findings are described in a paper in the journal Joule, by Joel Jean, a former MIT postdoc and CEO of startup company Swift Solar; Vladimir Bulovic, professor of electrical engineering and computer science and director of MIT.nano; and Michael Woodhouse of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in Colorado.
“When you talk to people in the solar field, they say any new solar panel has to last 25 years,” Jean says. “If someone comes up with new technology with a 10-year lifetime, no one is going to look at it. That's considered common knowledge in the field, and it's kind of crippling.”
Jean adds that “that's a huge barrier because you can't prove a 25-year lifetime in a year or two, or even 10.” That presumption, he says, has left many promising new technologies stuck on the sidelines, as conventional crystalline silicon technologies overwhelmingly dominate the commercial solar marketplace. But, the researchers found, that does not need to be the case.
“We have to remember that ultimately what people care about is not the cost of the panel; it's the Levelized cost of electricity,” he says. In other words, it's the actual cost per kilowatt-hour delivered over the system's useful lifetime, including the cost of the panels, inverters, racking, wiring, land, installation labor, permitting, grid interconnection, and other system components, along with ongoing maintenance costs.
Part of the reason that the economics of the solar industry looks different today than in the past is that the cost of the panels (also known as modules) has plummeted so far that now, the “balance of system” costs—that is, everything except the panels themselves—exceeds that of the panels. That means that, as long as newer solar panels are electrically and physically compatible with the racking and electrical systems, it can make economic sense to replace the panels with newer, better ones as they become available while reusing the rest of the system.
“Most of the technology is in the panel, but most of the cost is in the system,” Jean says. “Instead of having a system where you install it and then replace everything after 30 years, what if you replace the panels earlier and leave everything else the same? One of the reasons that might work economically is if you're replacing them with more efficient panels,” which is likely to be the case as a wide variety of more efficient and lower-cost technologies are being explored around the world.
He says that what the team found in their analysis is that “with some caveats about financing, you can, in theory, get to a competitive cost, because your new panels are getting better, with a lifetime as short as 15 or even 10 years.”
Although the costs of solar cells have come down year by year, Bulovic says, “the expectation that one had to demonstrate a 25-year lifetime for any new solar panel technology has stayed as a tautology. In this study, we show that as the solar panels get less expensive and more efficient, the cost balance significantly changes.”
He says that one aim of the new paper is to alert the researchers that their new solar inventions can be cost-effective even if relatively short-lived and hence may be adopted and deployed more rapidly than expected. At the same time, he says, investors should know that they stand to make bigger profits by opting for efficient solar technologies that may not have been proven to last as long, knowing that periodically the panels can be replaced by newer, more efficient ones.
“Historical trends show that solar panel technology keeps getting more efficient year after year, and these improvements are bound to continue for years to come,” says Bulovic. Perovskite-based solar cells, for example, when first developed less than a decade ago, had efficiencies of only a few percents. But recently their record performance exceeded 25 percent efficiency, compared to 27 percent for the record silicon cell and about 20 percent for today's standard silicon modules, according to Bulovic. Importantly, in novel device designs, a perovskite solar cell can be stacked on top of another perovskite, silicon, or thin-film cell, to raise the maximum achievable efficiency limit to over 40 percent, which is well above the 30 percent fundamental limit of today's silicon solar technologies. But perovskites have issues with the longevity of operation and have not yet been shown to be able to come close to meeting the 25-year standard.
Bulovic hopes the study will “shift the paradigm of what has been accepted as a global truth.” Up to now, he says, “many promising technologies never even got a start, because the bar is set too high” on the need for durability.
