5 Ways to Leave Your Body

Posted by Alcyone _Featured_, Consciousness Saturday, September 22nd, 2012

Want to teleport through space or travel the world  at will? Out-of-body technology can alter your sense of place and set you free.

by Sherry Baker

(Discover Magazine) As you read this story, perhaps you are sitting in a chair in your living room or on an airplane bound for Cancún. Now dig a little deeper, focus inward, and ask yourself this: What is the location of your internal being, your sense of self, that most essential I? Sure, you exist in your body, in your head presumably, itself ensconced someplace particular in the world. But what if all that were secondary? What if your perception could be altered so that you could be anyone and anyplace at all—leaving without traveling?

Those are real possibilities now posed by neuroscientists studying the locus of self- perception in the brain. The research suggests that our concept of self, along with a related quality called presence (the sense of being immersed in a location or environment), need not be tied to our physical bodies. Although most of the current research is still lab-based, scientists have already imbued test participants with the sense of moving from their own bodies into another form, such as a Barbie doll, or watching themselves from a distance in a willful out-of-body experience. The new body-swapping and teleportation techniques illustrate the incredible imaginative potential of the brain and the malleability of perception.

1. RAISE YOUR THIRD HAND

Humans were long assumed to have an unshakable innate body plan, meaning that our brains and hard-wired sense of self could never accept having anything other than one head, two arms, and two legs. But in 1998, University of Pittsburgh psychiatrists Matthew Botvinick and Jonathan Cohen conducted the now-classic “rubber-hand illusion,” which showed the brain could feel ownership of a body part that was not truly its own. In that experiment, a research subject’s real hand was stroked while a prosthetic hand was also stroked in exactly the same way. In less than two minutes, most participants felt that the rubber limb was part of their own body, provided their own hand was hidden while the rubber one stayed in view.

Taking the findings further, cognitive neuroscientist Henrik Ehrsson, who heads the Karolinska Institute’s Brain, Body and Self Laboratory in Stockholm, showed the brain could fully accept ownership of three hands at once. To make his point, he again induced the illusion that his subjects had a third hand but this time threatened either the prosthetic hand or a real one with a kitchen knife. Next he measured the subjects’ degree of sweating, a stress reaction, in 154 test participants and controls. Ehrsson found that people exhibited the same fear-based physiological response regardless of whether a real or fake hand was threatened, suggesting the rubber hand felt almost as authentically their own as their flesh-and-blood appendages.

How could this simple illusion seem so real? By scanning his subjects with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), Ehrsson found the illusion involves interconnected areas of the brain, including the premotor cortex in the frontal lobe (responsible for sensory guidance of movement) and the intraparietal cortex in the parietal lobe (involved in locating and recognizing body parts). In the nexus of these two regions, neurons take signals from muscles, eyes, ears, skin, and other sensory organs and weave them together to create the experience of the body in space. The brain’s tendency to bind what the eyes see to what the body feels is so powerful that the cues can make a participant take ownership of the rubber limb.

Recently, psychologist Roger Newport of the University of Nottingham in Great Britain showed that the internal self can also be convinced that body parts have changed shape or even disappeared. Instead of working with a static fake hand, Newport developed the Mirage, an illusion-creating box that incorporates a series of mirrors and cameras. Stick your hand in, look through the clear top, and it seems as if you are looking at your real hand. In actuality, you are looking at a real-time video image of your limb that can be manipulated and distorted. The video input can be altered, for instance, to show fingers stretching like putty or telescoping into themselves.

When these images are coupled with unseen, gentle manipulations of the real hand carried out by an investigator, test participants experience their illusory fingers as so real that when their video-manipulated  digits appear stretched to cartoonish lengths, they believe they have touched a wooden block that lies far out of reach.

DIY: How to sense a rubber hand
Sit at a table with one hand out of view (you can use a partition made from folded cardboard). Have a friend place a fake hand—a novelty rubber one from a costume store, even an inflated rubber glove—beside your real hand, but in full view. Then have your helper lightly touch your hidden hand with a small brush while simultaneously touching the visible fake hand with identical strokes as you watch. You should soon feel as if the fake hand is yours. Bonus test: After two minutes, close your eyes, then try to point to your real hand. Most people point to the fake one instead.

2. TRAVEL OUT-OF-BODY

The physical sensation of floating outside the body can famously occur during a close brush with death. Now scientists researching the location of the brain’s sense of self have begun inducing the out-of-body experience in the lab. The way to do so occurred to Olaf Blanke—a neurologist and cognitive neuroscientist at the Brain-Mind Institute, part of the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in Switzerland—a decade ago while he worked with an epilepsy patient, a 43-year-old woman with drug-resistant seizures who had to be treated with surgery. During the treatment he briefly zapped the temporoparietal junction, a brain region that integrates sound, touch, vision, balance perception, and the sense of location in space. Immediately after, the patient hesitantly said, “I’m … not really sure I should be telling you this…. I left my body.” At first Blanke did not take the comment seriously. But the woman repeated her claim upon reapplication of the electrode.

Blanke now thinks out-of-body experiences are related to phantom limbs, the sensation reported by many amputees that a missing limb is still attached. He proposes that the feeling of leaving the body represents a broader misperception of not just one limb but the entire physical self. “What you can get wrong for your hand you can also get wrong for the rest,” Blanke says. “When the brain gets it wrong by trying to reconcile what is seen with what is felt, it generates another reality—and two bodily representations of yourself.”

In 2005 Blanke began using virtual reality and robotics to induce out-of-body experiences in healthy subjects whose bodies were entirely intact. In one version of the experiment, he designed a mattress that incorporated a stroking device. A study participant reclined on the mattress, wearing goggles with video screens for lenses, while a computer controlled the machine stroking the person’s back. When the volunteer looked toward the ceiling he saw a computer generated, 3-D image of a body floating.

If the virtual body appeared to receive the same strokes as the real body, participants reported the feeling of floating outside themselves. When he scanned their brains, Blanke found that the test subjects produced the signature brain patterns seen in others reporting an out-of-body state.

DIY: Float outside of yourself
Unless you volunteer for an out-of-body experiment in a neuroscience lab, there is no reliable way to induce the experience on demand. But spontaneous ones can occur. One way to induce the experience, according to reports, is meditation. “In many meditations you avoid moving; the focus is on breathing, and information from the rest of the body is reduced. This seems to be a state that is prone to lead to illusory perceptions,” Blanke says. In one small study, researchers reported that floating in sensory deprivation tanks like those developed in the 1950s (and available to try for a fee in many cities) produced out-of-body experiences in some users.

3. ENTER YOUR AVATAR

Ehrsson and Blanke have both succeeded in triggering a variation on the out-of-body experience in which subjects feel immersed in a representation of another person—in Ehrsson’s case, a figure from live video footage; in Blanke’s, either a video figure or a digital representation often referred to as an avatar. As with other disembodied states, virtual-reality technology is key. Here Ehrsson and his team equip test subjects with head-mounted video display units, large goggles with a small screen over each eye. At the same time, two live video cameras are placed side by side about six feet behind the head of the volunteer. The image from the left video camera is seen through the left-eye display and the image from the right camera is viewed through the right-eye display. Together they produce a 3-D image of the subject’s back.

The result is that when the seated volunteer looks forward, he sees a stereoscopic image of himself, displayed from the perspective of someone behind him. The investigator stands just beside the subject and, using a plastic rod, gently strokes his actual chest while moving a second rod toward where the virtual figure’s chest would be located, right below the camera’s view. After only a few seconds, the majority of participants feel their presence is shifting from their real physical body into that of the illusion.

Blanke’s team conducted a similar experiment but instead used small vibrators connected to a series of lights taped onto the backs of research subjects while cameras filmed them from behind. Looking through the lens of their head-mounted displays, the participants saw a projected image of themselves from the back, appearing to stand six feet ahead. As researchers stroked their real backs, each volunteer saw his avatar image’s back stroked too. Within a few minutes, the research subjects began to feel they had drifted into the avatar body ahead, experiencing the sensation their virtual self was being touched and feeling vibrations as lights flashed.

After Blanke’s avatar illusion was turned off, the volunteers were asked to walk backward several feet and then to return to where they had been standing during the experiment. Most of them moved too far forward, indicating that they had experienced the place where the avatar had been projected as their real location during the test.

DIY: How to heal yourself virtually
Once you can enter an avatar, you can use the technique to soothe physical pain. Researchers have long known that simply viewing an image of an amputee’s intact foot or arm in a mirror can sometimes help relieve phantom pain, as if the brain’s sense of self adjusts its conflicting sensations about the missing limb. Blanke suggests that manipulating whole-body perception with full-body illusions might similarly treat a variety of pain syndromes—making the avatar pick up some of the load.